Obesity in School Children - 1754 Words

Obesity in school children Children develop within a set framework and grow according to the levels of exercise and nutrition available to them as well as their particular genetic nature. In affluent countries such as Australia this growth can be affected by the lack of exercise and the consumption of too many kilojoules. Currently there are a large percentage of children who are verging on obesity or are obese, and this is an emerging cause for worry in today’s schools. Children today are not as active as previous generations, sometimes due to a lack of opportunity such as being driven to school instead of walking. Other reasons are less time outside and more time watching television and playing computer games. There is a much larger†¦show more content†¦Schools should have adequate training for staff and positive programs for students in place for education about nutrition and exercise. Appropriate attitudes towards the eating and exercise programs and for those children who are vulnerable wi thin the school environment are a necessary part of a preventative program. (Yager amp; O’Dea, 2005) Teachers who understand the significance of Bandura’s (1986) social learning theory, which states â€Å"people learn from one another† have the opportunity to be constructive role models, giving the students clear messages about body image, showing tolerance for diverse body shapes and supportive practices for struggling students. (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2011) Four ways a teacher can assist in addressing and/or preventing obesity Movement in the classroom There are many ways a teacher can introduce movement in to the daily programs in the classroom through games, quizzes and physical challenges. Some of these can be adapted to align with the units of study being introduced. A times table quiz can be extended by having children jump out the answer or a spelling challenge can introduce making letter shapes with their bodies. To encourage children to work with others, especially someone new, physical games can be used to promoteShow MoreRelatedObesity in School Children Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesU.S children age 6 to 11 -approximately one in six children are victims of obesity-related illnesses that threaten to shorten their lives. That is more than nine million children. (Tartamella, Herscher, Woolstoon, 2004). Those numbers are shocking and disturbing. Have we, as a community, encouraged the most destructive epidemic outburst? Childhood overweight and obesity are public concerns because unhealthy weight is rapidly becoming the most prevalent nutrition problem of K-12 school ageRead MorePrevalence of Obesity in Children Introduced in the Elementary School533 Words   |  2 PagesPrevalence of Obesity in Children Introduced in the Elementary School Prevalence of obesity in the children introduced in Elementary School is an article published by Journal of Nursing discussing childhood obesity in elementary schools. Obesity is defined as excessive accumulation of body fat (deWit O’Neill, 2014). The article is based on studies performed in Brazilian communities. Topics of the different studies consisted of private school setting, lower income families in different locationsRead MorePreventing Obesity among School Children through Healthier School Meals1323 Words   |  5 PagesPreventing Obesity Among School Children through Healthier School Meals Obesity and overweight are among the pressing health problems among children and adolescents in the developed world. Obesity refers to an excess amount of body fat whereas overweight can be measured by the BMI index or height-weight ratio. According to the WHO (2012), obesity and overweight are the fifth largest risk for global deaths. Introduction Obesity and overweight among children and adolescents has increasedRead MoreEssay on School Lunches Lead to Obesity in Our Children1309 Words   |  6 Pagesunder the age of 20, about 12.5 million are considered obese. School districts that serve students food that are high in calories and fat are to blame for the growing numbers of obese children. Although school lunches provide students food at minimal costs, the poor quality of food served delivers inadequate nutrition and is responsible for the rising numbers of obese minors in the United States. In order to combat this growing problem, school districts must limit student choices in the lunchroom andRead MoreEssay on Preventing Obesity in School Aged Children in Australia1350 Words   |  6 Pages Schools and society are taking focussed actions aimed at increasing physical activity in children and helping lower the obesity rates that are becoming increasingly prevalent among young people. Statistics show that in Australia, one- quarter of children is either overweight or obese as stated in (Australian Government: Australian Insisture of Health Welfare, 2004). The focus of preventing obesity will be the two to six year old age group. Children who are obese face a number of factors thatRead MoreSchool Based Pediatric Obesity Prevention Program Targeting On Elementary School Children By Health Professionals947 Words   |  4 Pagesinterventions helps both educators and selected participants. The purpose of this paper is to select appropriate education interventions for childhood obesity. Five nursing researches have selected to address childhood obesity. According to Johnston, et al. (2013), childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States with 32.6% children of ages 6-11 overweight or obese and they are at high risks of developing high blood pressures, diabetes, cancer, pulmonary complications, depressionRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Developing Problem1197 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in America is a developing problem, and not just in adults. Today, one in three American children and teens are either overweight or obese; almost triple the rate previously in 1963. Child obesity has expedi tiously become one of the most genuine health challenges of the 21st century (â€Å"10 Surprising Facts About Childhood Obesity†). Physical inactivity, race, junk food in schools, the mass media, and the child’s parents flaws are all factors that have resulted in the prevalence of childhoodRead MoreChildhood Obesity: A Gowing Problem Around the World649 Words   |  3 PagesObesity is a growing problem all around the world for far too many children. Obesity means a person has too much body fat. Body fat is measured by a person’s body mass index. When one is measuring a person’s body mass index, they are finding their height and body weight then comparing it to the recommendations made by doctors for each age and gender. After doctors calculate it, they then find a percentile rank to determine present and future health issues. Around the world, childhood obesity hasRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On America1394 Words   |  6 PagesHave you e ver wondered what are the major causes of obesity? The CDC (2017) states that one out of every five children in the U.S. are overweight or obese, and this number is continuing to rise. Wilson (2016) states that many children who are obese develop health complications, such as joint, gallbladder, and sleeping problems. The majority of children who are obese as kids tend to be obese as adults. Reason being, many children develop bad eating habits by learning from their surroundings. WhenRead MoreEssay on Preventing Childhood Obesity in Australia1427 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction â€Å"During the past two decades, the prevalence of obesity in children has risen greatly worldwide. Obesity in childhood causes a wide range of serious complications, and increases the risk of premature illness and death later in life, raising public-health concerns.† (Ebbeling, Pawlak Ludwig, 2002 p.471) Currently in the Australian community and schools there is an obesity epidemic in young people with many children doing less and less physical activity then advised. â€Å"In 2007-08 the

Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection. Answer: Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a rising health issue at present. The most common example of antibiotic resistance is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA is a bacterium causing infections in different parts of the human body that is known to be resistant to antibiotics commonly used for treating infection with Staphylococcus, including Methicillin. Methicillin is a semisynthetic penicillin-related antibiotic that was once effective against staphylococci resistant to penicillin. With time and increased use of these antibiotics, strains of Staphylococcus species have evolved that are resistant to such antibiotics. Other examples include penicillin-resistant Enterococcus, and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (Fankhauser et al. 2015). Laxminarayan et al. (2013) point out that the eastern countries have more tendency to use antibiotics in comparison to western countries of the world. Over-the-counter antibiotics are sold widely in these countries. The restrictions imposed on the sale of antibiotics are less imposed, leading to increased cases of antibiotic resistance. The more a person uses an antibiotic, the more he becomes resistant to that drug. The underlying mechanism is that the sensitive bacteria are killed while germs that are resistant multiply and grow within the body. In an individual who has suffered infection due to organisms resistant to the antibiotic, the prognosis is marked by a longer duration of signs and symptoms of the occurring disease. The possible outcomes of the infection are adverse, as management is difficult. Consequent administration of antibiotic drugs in pursuit of understanding the best drug against the infection would lead to several health complications. The chances of recovery are less, as compared to other patients. Treatment requires multicomponent approach with inputs from different spheres of the medical field. References Fankhauser, C., Schrenzel, J., Francois, P., Pittet, D. and Harbarth, S., 2015. Secular trends of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at Geneva University Hospitals (HUG) over a 14-year period.Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control,4(1), p.O9. Laxminarayan, R., Duse, A., Wattal, C., Zaidi, A.K., Wertheim, H.F., Sumpradit, N., Vlieghe, E., Hara, G.L., Gould, I.M., Goossens, H. and Greko, C., 2013. Antibiotic resistancethe need for global solutions.The Lancet infectious diseases,13(12), pp.1057-1098.

Benefits of Vitamin E free essay sample

Benefits of Vitamin E In this article we will look at the benefits of vitamin E. Vitamin E is a fat soluble vitamin found in many foods, especially certain fats and oils. It is a powerful antioxidant that protects the body from damage caused by free radicals. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of Vitamin E or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Vitamin E has many other health benefits also. First of all, to fully understand the importance of the effect of vitamin E on free radicals, you must understand what a free radical is and what it can do to your body. A free radical is an oxygen containing chemical that is highly reactive and is produced when molecules are split. This process occurs during the normal metabolic process in the body. Free radicals are also produced when your body gets an infection. The chemicals will attack and damage normal body cells and can cause cancer and other chronic diseases. Certain vitamins and supplements that are labeled antioxidant can help prevent damage to the body caused by free radicals. They do this by breaking the chain reaction caused by free radicals. Antioxidants are like the bodys military. They will capture and destroy the free radicals before they can do any damage. Vitamin E is an important soldier in the bodys military and can produce a lot of needed benefits for the body. The benefits of taking Vitamin E are: Good cardiovascular health. Taking vitamin E can support cardiovascular health and circulatory health by blocking the conversion of cholesterol into the waxy deposits called plaque that can block your arteries. It can also thin your blood, making it easier to flow through arteries that may already be narrowed by plaque. This may also reduce a patients risk of having a second heart attack. Protect against certain cancers. There seems to be some debate on the effect of vitamin E on protecting against cancers. However, studies have shown that vitamin E, in combination with the other antioxidants, can help your body fight off cancer. It is easier to fight off an invading enemy when you have a whole army to do it with. Alzheimers disease. Studies have shown that people who take vitamin E show a big improvement if cognitive function and memory. Vitamin E is a fat soluble vitamin that readily enters the brain and exerts its antioxidative properties to fight off damage to the brain tissues. Diabetes. Studies have shown that vitamin E can enhance the effect of insulin therapy in diabetics. It can also also help reduce the risk of other medical conditions of those with type II diabetes and prevent cardiovascular disease. If you are a diabetic and start taking vitamin E, monitor your blood sugar levels closely. Your insulin may need adjustment after starting vitamin E therapy. Pain relief. Vitamin E helps reduce exercise induced free radical damage and can reduce the risk for exercise induced muscle injury. It can also help reduce the pain of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. These are just a few of the benefits of vitamin E. There are many other benefits in the general health category such as, enhancing the bodys immune system, protecting against upper respiratory infections and enhancing vision. Let your doctor know if you are taking vitamin E because it may interact with certain medications.

modern contemporary theatre play analyzed by “brecht concept of epic theatre Essay Example

modern contemporary theatre play analyzed by â€Å"brecht concept of epic theatre Essay Example modern contemporary theatre play analyzed by â€Å"brecht concept of epic theatre Essay modern contemporary theatre play analyzed by â€Å"brecht concept of epic theatre Essay Modern Contemporary Theater Play Analyzed by Brecht Concept of Epic Theatre Early writers of epic plays conformed to the Aristotelian theme that accorded ageless works that could handle generational and setting constraints by being applicable in each of the successive periods marked upon the initial public release. Shakespeare’s plays are a good example of such. Bertolt Brecht however, as playwright defied these concepts to incorporate his own style that is Anti-Aristotelian in nature. Most notably, Brecht rejected the application of unified production that former plays aligned to, often involving the use of scenes, songs, lighting, attires and performances towards the amplification of a single notion (Walter, 2003). He used a disarrayed form of production for the purposes of amplifying each of the previously mentioned elements as independent items for diverse notions. To acquire a comprehensive understanding of Brecht’s concept in theatre we will accord an analysis of Noel Coward’s Blithe Spirit to accentuate the technique. Coward’s play centers on a seance ritual conducted by a group of four friends, with Charles Condomine bearing the position of the protagonist, his spouse Ruth, and their two allies Mr. and Mrs. Bradman. The ritual is conducted by Madame Arcati within the Condomine’s residence and although primarily meant to aid Condomine with his writing career, it accords an unprecedented effect to him as the spirit of his deceased wife Elvira is projected into his home (Coward, 2002). Elvira only materializes into human form to Condomine alone and this creates tension within his marriage and consequently leads to the demise of Ruth as the two women enter into a competitive stance for Condomine’s attention and love. Ruth’s ghost now replaces Elvira’s and torments the life of Condomine necessitating the services of Madame Arcati for the banishment of the spirit. This time, the seance is successful and although both spirits depart from the natural or rather become in visible to Condomine, any form of coarse joking towards both accords a retaliation like the braking of utensils to reflect the invisible presence of the spirits. The play largely fails to incorporate Brecht’s concept of an epic play whose storyline would be wedged within a well-known myth or historical occurrence (Coward, 2002). This approach would in turn reduce the audience’s interest as accorded by the plot’s familiarity as the viewers are familiar with the scenes and plot. According to Brecht, this approach reduced the pseudo effect of dramatic plays that often employed the style of suspense to evoke sensation to the audience. With this form of approach, Brecht’s plays would take the position of narratives with the audience keen to the element of observation as the focus is imparted in the need to realize whether any form of divergence is created to the original story line as the point of action creation (Walter, 2003). Coward’s play stands in direct contrast to Brecht’s play concept as it primarily centers on according an unfamiliar plot involving an unsuccessful seance and its lethal consequence s to the audience for the creation of a dramatic effect. Tension and anticipation are interchangeably used within the play to spur the audience into an anticipatory mood that holds twists and consequently the dramatic element within the tale.A gradual plot is used in Coward’s story with each of the scenes being strongly interrelated such the preceding scenes act as foundations for the subsequent storyline. The exclusion of one scene within the story would therefore render the play as incomplete or incomprehensible. For instance, in the scene where Dr. Bradman converses sarcastically with Madame Arcati as a reflection of the contempt that science holds towards magic and supernatural occurrences creates acts as a deterministic foundation for the shock that the group is treated to as the seance proves to accord unprecedented results (Coward, 2002). Dr. Bradman’s position being a representative of the rest of the actors’ position therefore acts as a base of the reac tions that follow within the play. Omitting or changing this aspect would modify the plot to a different one or leave the audience guessing between the gaps in a bid to understand the story wholly. Brecht on the other hand relied on the use of loosely associated scenes to allow the aspect of personal analysis and conclusions to create a form of kaleidoscope within the story as multiple speakers would achieve as a product of one’s perspectives due to diversity (Walter, 2003). With this technique, Brecht’s approach accords a higher mode of realism within a story and thereby acts as a favorable platform for addressing pragmatic social problems in light of what each individual would propose as a solution to the given problem. Coward’s play bearing a linear storyline lacks this aspect as it offers leading scenes to the audience with few instances of individual conclusions (Coward, 2002). Perhaps the most notable open requirement for the audience within the play is accorded at the denouement with the viewers posed with the challenge of believing either in the presence of spirits and their ability to affect the physical world, or lack of total belief in the same t heme. Brecht’s approach was far more challenging as inter-scene questions would be offered in caption forms to the audience to enhance the crowd into sessions of personal critical analysis. In other instances, this would be achieved using the actors, as they would offer questions to the audience and a quick conversation before the play’s continuation. These aspects are lacking within Coward’s play (Coward, 2002). Brecht concept of the actors differs from other plays on the fact that feelings are not narrated but rather acted in a silenced manner before the audience. For instance, as Ruth screams to reveal her horror as she becomes aware of Elvira’s presence through the moving flower vase, Brecht would most likely have the screaming part acted out in accordance to his Gestus approach. The third concept as proposed by Brecht concerned stage props in terms of microphones, lighting, dressing, backdrops and other items placed within a stage during an act. In Brecht’s works, all main and secondary casts as well as the propos were arrayed in full viewership of the audience as a way of ensuring that individuals maintain the notion that the given narr ative is just but an acting standpoint. In Coward’s play, only the characters are present to the viewers as soundmen and other supporters are hidden from the audience for the airing of an edited and scripted version. Additionally, Brecht employed each of the props in a manner as to amplify its own message (Walter, 2003). The props would also be used for multiple roles, for instance a long vertical prop could be used in the function of a modern flat while tilting the same prop in a vertical form would accord a different role to the given prop. In Coward’s play, this creative element is lacking and most likely not condoned as a way of ensuring a flawless act to the audience for purposes of a superior act. Even in the least of props like costumes, they are changed off stage to reflect the passage of time as opposed to Brecht who worked towards the amplification of the fact that a play was only but an acted script and using his prop effects, this view was highly maintained. The fourth concept was the alienation effect that was employed by Brecht to propel individuals towards the acquisition of a deeper comprehension of every scene other than the surface meaning. The alienation aspect as the name suggests limited the audience from their interactions with the actors for the purposes of reflection infused between the various scenes in a bid to spur the audience into the according parallels between the acted message and the physical world that such issues were evidenced in (Walter, 2003). This was achieved by active participation of the audience in discussion that was instituted by the actors through verbal or written queries. These interruptions were a common element in Brecht’s works. In Coward’s play, an active audience and the alienation effect are both lacking as the play does not pose such questions to the viewers and neither does it accord breaks for individual reflection on the accorded message. This is entirely left to the audience as long as the play has achieved its targeted message across to the viewers. In conclusion, therefore, Brecht’s concepts were largely applied in his works as most plays within the 20th ce ntury conformed to the dramatic pattern. References Coward, N. (2002). Blithe Spirit. London, UK: Methuen Drama. Walter, B. (2003). Understanding Brecht. Antwerpen, Belgium: Verso.

Economics of the U.A.E Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics of the U.A.E - Essay Example A regional trade bloc with important economic objectives including the eventual establishment of a common currency, the Gulf Cooperation Council is a regional actor in the Middle East with increasing political leverage and diplomatic sway. Initially created to further the economic integration of Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, the Gulf Cooperation Council fosters a sense of Arab community within the Gulf context and represents Arab multilateralism in the region. This analysis aims to be in-depth and comprehensive and will conclude with a concise analysis of the means through which the Gulf Cooperation Council will help the economic development of the UAE in the next 15 years and discuss important regional issues including the dream of a unified currency for the Arab states of the Persian Gulf region. A regional trade bloc which includes some of the fastest growing economies in the world, the Gulf Cooperation Council was devised and implemented in 1981 under the auspices of a unified economic agreement which established a unique social and economic bond between the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf region. The current six members of the GCC, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, were the original parties to the document creating the GCC and although expansion of this regional body may occur in the future, the membership of the GCC has remained unchanged for more than twenty seven years. During these years, the region has witnessed incredible growth, rising gross national product throughout the region and an undeniable boom in natural resources including oil and natural gas. The Gulf Cooperation Council was established as a multilateral organization almost thirty years ago with the intent of fostering economic and social integration among the Arab countries of the Gulf region.

Corporate and global strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate and global strategy - Essay Example In the first quarter of year 2007, Toyota has been able to sell more number of cars than GM, pushing GM at the second place for the first time (USA Today, 2007). GM is headquartered in Detroit, Michigan and employs about 335,000 people. The brands include Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, GM Daewoo, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saab, Saturn and Vauxhall. GM recorded revenues worth $192,604 million during the fiscal year ended December 2005. GM also owns equity partnerships in some regional subsidiaries and joint ventures like New United Motor Manufacturing (NUMMI), Suzuki Motor Corporation, Isuzu Motors, Shanghai GM, SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Company and CAMI Automotive (Datamonitor, 2006). The car market has indeed become very competitive, with major players like GM, Ford, Toyota, Audi, BMW, VW etc. vying for the international market, besides a number of local players in the car market. With technology playing a major role in advancements of the features in a car, ICT helping in making the care more intelligent, marketing communication techniques have started playing a major role in convincing the customer. General Motors has also outlined plans for ICT needs of its cares and the company has signed deals worth $15bn (Â £8.5bn) for the next five years with IBM, HP, EDS, Capgemini, Compuware Covisint and Wipro (Brown, 2006). General Motors has also unveiled E-Flex electric architecture, configured with GMs newest, most efficient hydrogen fuel cell system to date, at the recently held Shanghai Auto Show (GM, 2007). Company believes that the fuel cell technology has the potential to be a competitive alternative to the internal combustion engine - in size, performance, du rability and cost. Internationalization provides an opportunity for the company to plan out moves for a wider spectrum of customer base. Strategic decisions are concerned with the issue of setting a direction for the

The Purpose of Initial Assessment and What Kind of Methods Could Be Used Essay Example for Free

The Purpose of Initial Assessment and What Kind of Methods Could Be Used Essay The purpose of an initial assessment is to firstly, make sure that a learner can enter the programme of study at a level that is appropriate to them. Secondly, these assessments also allow the learner to be able to plan their individual achievable learning goals. These initial assessments will become the framework of learners ILP’s (individual Learning Plans). They will also ensure that the learner provider and tutor can identify the gaps in learning sooner rather than later. It should go without saying that providers want the best for learners, it’s just as important that learners should know right from the start that they are entitled to the best for themselves†. (readingroom ,online) This demonstrates the importance of the initial assessment and its results have on an individual learner’s development. Initial Assessment are what they are, they are just the beginning and become a tailor made plan which then becomes a vital part of the teaching and learning for the learner and provider alike. â€Å"Assessment helps to set clear expectations for standards and achievement. CFBT, 2011,p10 . ) Initial assessment therefore ensures that there can be progression as it also allows learners themselves to see and develop on strengths and weaknesses from the outset. One can also suggest that these initial assessments are a motivational tool too, so that not only can the provider plan for the end goal but also that a learner can readily see that the results from initial assessments are used to determine achievable goals thus seeing that the overall course outcomes are achievable. There are several methods in which initial assessments can be ascertained. An initial interview gives a basic knowledge and is seen as a good indicator about the suitability of the learner, for example, what they have achieved in the past, what they want to achieve but as these are sometimes done prior to qualification results, this would not always produce a true reflection of a learner’s ability. Therefore a programme of induction following the interview and acceptance would ensure the learner can be fully assessed and ascertain not only the level they are working to but also any help that is required is in place from the beginning. Skills based testing is a common initial assessment tool. Learners take online or written assessments and the results ascertain their levels they are currently working on, furthermore specific diagnostic test homes in on the gaps in their skills. This method is effective and can give providers and tutors a general scale of ability, however one can argue that the results can also be misleading , for example if a learner has rushed or guessed part the assessment then the results would not be true reflection of the learners ability. BKSB is one of these online skills providers, used by many colleges. BKSB cover learner’s initial skills testing in literacy, numeracy and ICT, as well as diagnostic. However it can be argued that whilst convenient, for example, instant results and no marking by tutors and also identifies the specific subject knowledge and gaps , it can miss special needs problems such as dyslexia. Another initial assessment undertaken may include looking at a learner preferred learning style – commonly known as VAK , visual,( seeing and reading), auditory ( listening and speaking and kinaesthetic ( Touching and doing) . These are basically different ways of learning and be achieved through completion of questionnaires. This assessment is vital and is an integral part in the learner and tutors planning. Ensuring that your learners preferred style is embedded in the lesson plan (differentiation) can ensure that the learner’s motivation is continued. There are no right and wrong answers but in some cases there is not always a clear result, many learners may have a mix. However this could be seen as a positive when teaching a larger group as you can embed all three learning styles ensuring that a larger number will participate therefore keeping learners motivated and achieving goals and also progressing. Arguably you could suggest that the most important part of initial assessment is giving feed back to the learner of the results. This as we have said previously allows the learner to set themselves achievable goals. They have possibly already learnt things about themselves that they didn’t know. For example what their preferred style is. The advantage of this feedback session is that both learner and tutor have set clear manageable targets and goals. This is turn can be seen as a motivational tool for the learner as they have been part of the process and know what is expected from them. This also instils the motivation for the teacher to make sure that the learner can achieve their goals Regular reviews, target setting and referring to the initial assessments target setting is vital in ensuring a learner remains motivated, Learners will achieve if they can see themselves progressing. Smart targets therefore are an achievable and motivational tool as it will ensure that targets are met in an expected time frame. According to Reid (2007 pg. 14) motivation should be intrinsic, which means that a learner should be self-motivated. If the initial assessments have been managed effectively then they become the perfect platform for the Reid’s ideas, as the assessments are set up to insure that a learner as contributed to the target setting. Reid also states that ‘a car will not run without fuel, therefore a child won’t learn without motivation. (Reid 2007 pg. 4). Although aimed at younger children the ethos is the same in that even older learners need to be fed relevant facts in order to progress and reach goals. One could also suggest though that the older the learner is the harder it is to motivate as in some circumstances a lower self-esteem is more evident than in younger children, for example those leaners within foundation learning projects for example. If one uses foundation learning as an example, then motivating them becomes a juggling act as you have to employ strategies that would work over a mixed ability group. Characteristics of a group also play an important part of motivation. One main point is setting out a clear aim and objective of a day’s lessons. Learners then have an expectation of what is expected from them. Tutors must ensure there is a mix of learning skills. For example, the shyer, less confident learners might not want to join in with the speaking and listening task but then if you link it up with a task the quieter ones can excel at then you can continue to keep motivation going whilst also covering more challenging areas. This also is ensuring that you are achieving their goals but also their learning style patterns as stated in the leaners initial assessments. Feedback is vital and is especially important when reaching the end of a session or a unit of work and must include the completion of any smart targets reached, and then new ones to be set with the leaner thus detailing progress and keep motivation going. To ensure learners are kept motivated and achieving their goals, then there are of course many other strategies and theories. However the vital point remains that with the initial assessments and subsequent ILR’s, regular reviews with providers or tutors learners will hopefully continue to motivate themselves by seeing that they have achieved goals set, furthermore with every new set of new goals learners can see the on-going progression and therefore motivation to succeed continues.